Published research with context

Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial

New England Journal of Medicine, 2023

Trial stage

Phase 2 randomised trial

Participants

338 adults with obesity

Duration

48 weeks

What was measured

Body weight. The 12 mg trial arm averaged a 24.2% reduction, compared with 2.1% with placebo.

The trial did not test or validate any Zynx pen. Retatrutide is not authorised for UK use and is not offered for purchase here.

Effects of retatrutide on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomised trial

The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2025

Trial stage

Phase 2 body-composition substudy

Participants

189 adults with type 2 diabetes

Duration

36-week assessment

What was measured

Total fat mass by DXA. The pooled 8 mg arms fell 26.1% from baseline, compared with 4.5% with placebo.

This substudy of an investigational medicine did not test any Zynx pen. It does not establish long-term clinical benefit or product safety.

Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial

Nature Medicine, 2024

Trial stage

Phase 2a randomised trial

Participants

98 adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Duration

24-week assessment

What was measured

Liver fat by MRI. Mean relative liver fat fell 81.4% from baseline in the 8 mg arm, versus a 0.3% increase with placebo.

The investigational trial did not test any Zynx product and cannot validate the quality, safety or effect of a Zynx pen.

Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial

The Lancet, 2026

Trial stage

Phase 3 randomised trial

Participants

537 adults with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control on diet and exercise

Duration

40-week assessment

What was measured

HbA1c. The 12 mg arm changed by −1.94 percentage points, compared with −0.81 with placebo.

Retatrutide remains investigational in the UK. This trial does not establish long-term outcomes or validate any Zynx product.

Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation

Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2017

Study model: Cellular assays, chick CAM assay and rat hind-limb ischaemia

Investigated BPC-157 in cellular angiogenesis assays and a rat hind-limb ischaemia model, including VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS signalling.

This is preclinical cellular and animal research. It does not establish human efficacy and does not test the listed product.

The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration

Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011

Study model: Ex vivo tendon explants and cultured tendon fibroblasts

Examined pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in tendon explant outgrowth, fibroblast survival and cell migration assays.

This is preclinical/ex vivo work. It is not proof of efficacy in humans and does not test the listed product.

Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin beta-4, in equine urine and plasma

Journal of Chromatography A, 2012

Study model: Equine urine and plasma analytical detection

Described analytical methods for detecting TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin beta-4, in equine samples.

This is an identification and detection study, not an efficacy study. It does not test the listed product.

Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice

Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2003

Study model: Diabetic and aged mouse dermal wound models

Studied thymosin beta-4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain in mouse dermal wound models.

Research on full-length thymosin beta-4 or a related synthetic segment is not automatically evidence for every material marketed as TB-500.

Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on wound healing in an irradiated rat model

Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 2013

Study model: Irradiated rat wound model, topical application

Evaluated a topical copper tripeptide complex in an irradiated rat wound-healing model.

This is preclinical animal research using a topical formulation. It does not test the listed research material.

The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds

Veterinary Surgery, 2003

Study model: Ischemic open wounds in a rat model

Examined a topical tripeptide-copper complex in ischemic open wounds in rats.

This is preclinical animal research. It does not establish outcomes in people and does not test the listed product.

Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295 in healthy adults

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2006

Study model: Healthy adults, randomised ascending-dose design

Measured growth hormone and IGF-I responses after long-acting CJC-1295 in healthy adults.

The cited human studies concern long-acting CJC-1295. They should not be interpreted as establishing equivalent pharmacokinetics or outcomes for CJC-1295 No DAC/Modified GRF 1-29.

Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295 results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects

Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 2009

Study model: Normal adult subjects after long-acting CJC-1295

Reported serum protein profile changes after activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by long-acting CJC-1295 in adults.

This human research used long-acting CJC-1295. It should not be read as equivalent evidence for CJC-1295 No DAC.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of ipamorelin in human volunteers

Pharmaceutical Research, 1999

Study model: Human volunteers, circulating ipamorelin and GH response

Modelled the relationship between circulating ipamorelin and growth-hormone response in human volunteers.

This is pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic research in volunteers. It does not test the listed research material.

Prospective, randomised, controlled proof-of-concept study of ipamorelin for postoperative ileus

International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014

Study model: Adults with postoperative ileus after bowel surgery

A randomised proof-of-concept trial of ipamorelin for postoperative ileus after bowel surgery.

The trial reported no significant efficacy difference between ipamorelin and placebo for the investigated endpoints. It does not test the listed product.

Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV

New England Journal of Medicine, 2007

Study model: Adults with HIV-associated abdominal fat accumulation

A randomised trial of a growth hormone-releasing factor in people with HIV-associated abdominal fat accumulation.

Findings apply to the studied HIV-associated population and trial formulation. They do not generalise automatically and do not test the listed research material.

Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation

JAMA, 2014

Study model: HIV-infected adults with abdominal fat accumulation

A randomised clinical trial measuring visceral and liver fat after tesamorelin in a defined HIV-associated population.

Keep the study population in view. Results should not be generalised to unrelated groups, and the paper does not test the listed product.

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance

Cell Metabolism, 2015

Study model: Cellular assays and diet-induced mouse models

Described MOTS-c in cellular metabolic signalling work and diet-induced mouse models.

This is cellular and mouse research. It should not be described as an established human treatment outcome.

The mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus and regulates nuclear gene expression

Cell Metabolism, 2018

Study model: Cellular models of nuclear translocation and gene regulation

Examined nuclear translocation of MOTS-c and regulation of nuclear gene expression in cellular systems.

This is cellular/preclinical research, not an established human treatment outcome, and it does not test the listed product.

Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial

Neurology, 2023

Study model: Adults with genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial myopathy

A phase 3 randomised trial of elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy. The published report did not meet its primary efficacy endpoints versus placebo.

This trial studied a clinical formulation of elamipretide in a defined disease population. It does not test the listed research material and does not make that material approved for personal use.

The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2013

Study model: Isolated mitochondria and ischaemic animal models

Examined SS-31 interaction with cardiolipin and mitochondrial function in ischaemic experimental systems.

This is preclinical experimental research. It does not establish human treatment outcomes and does not test the listed product.